[Major]

"How did Captain Marvel (MCU) acquire her spectacular abilities?"

Answer in a spoiler because... spoilers!

Captain Marvel (Carol Danvers) got her powers after crashing a test plane that she and her instructor, Dr. Wendy Lawson, were flying had crashed after fleeing a pursuing Kree force led by a man named Yon-Rogg. In an effort to prevent Yon-Rogg from taking the technology for the Kree Empire, Danvers uses one of the Kree's weapons to blow up the engine, which was powered by an Infinity Stone known as the Tesseract. The act of blowing up the test plane's engine released a massive surge of energy from the Tesseract, which Carol absorbed. From that day on, she had superpowers!